Author: logancollins

Selection of Intriguing Nontraditional Funding Opportunities


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During my pursuits, I’ve come across an increasing number of exciting nontraditional routes for funding scientific research. The efforts of Adam Marblestone and Benjamin Reinhardt have been particularly instrumental in stimulating this ecosystem, but many other great people have contributed as well. These new funding routes are a welcome relief since many of the most innovative and far-reaching projects are not especially suited for receiving governmental NIH, NSF, etc. funding. If you would like to find a more comprehensive list of such alternative funding sources, you should check out https://arbesman.net/overedge/. My own list (below) consists of funding sources that stand out to me as particularly promising. I hope you find this useful and feel free to reach out if you have any questions!

PDF version

Amaranthe Foundation https://amaranth.foundation/bottlenecks-of-aging “We outline initiatives which, if executed, could meaningfully accelerate the advancement of aging science and other life-extending technologies. The resulting document is a philanthropic menu, for which Amaranth is seeking both talent to execute on and co-funders. If you are a founder, researcher, or philanthropist interested in executing or co-sponsoring one or several of the projects or proposals below, please reach out to us”.

Arc Institute https://arcinstitute.org/ “Headquartered in Palo Alto, California, Arc is a nonprofit research organization founded on the belief that many important scientific programs can be enabled by new organizational models. Arc operates in partnership with Stanford University, UCSF, and UC Berkeley. Arc gives scientists no-strings-attached, multi-year funding, so that they don’t have to apply for external grants and invests in the rapid development of experimental and computational technological tools. As individuals, Arc researchers collaborate across diverse disciplines to study complex diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune dysfunction. As an organization, Arc strives to enable ambitious, long-term research agendas. Arc’s mission is to accelerate scientific progress, understand the root causes of disease, and narrow the gap between discoveries and impact on patients.”

Astera Institute https://astera.org/ “We empower visionary, high-leverage science and technology projects with the capacity to create transformative progress for human civilization. We target programs in Artificial General Intelligence, Science, and Climate that currently lack a natural home in the existing innovation ecosystem.”

Brains https://spec.tech/brains “Brains is a training program to provide the skills and opportunities to translate ambitious research visions that aren’t a good fit for a company but are too big for a single academic lab into impact. These visions could be anything from upending the way we make carbon-based products to how we understand the brain or build air- breathing fusion engines. Think YCombinator for coordinated research programs.”

Convergent Research https://www.convergentresearch.org/ “New types of organization are needed to accelerate scientific progress. Academic research groups and startup companies are essential to science and technology development. But there are some projects they just aren’t suited for. A university astronomy lab couldn’t have launched the Hubble Space Telescope on its own, nor would a venture-backed startup have built the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Hubble and CERN illustrate a common pattern in science: a need for projects that are bigger than an academic lab can undertake, more coordinated than a loose consortium or themed department, and not directly profitable enough to be a venture-backed startup or industrial R&D project. Focused Research Organizations (FROs) are a new type of scientific institution designed to fill this gap.”

Flux Capacitor https://1517.substack.com/p/the-flux-capacitor-time-funds-and “Flux Capacitor is a 3-month break away from academia to pursue out-there ideas to build into a startup OR moonshot science… You want to hit pause on the academic rat race and spend 3 months on first-principles exploration of either applied, practical problems that can be commercialized within a VC-funded startup in the near-medium term (5 years) or moonshot fundamental science. To help you do this, we’ll give you up to $100k in funding.”

Foresight AI Safety Grant Program https://foresight.org/ai-safety/ “This grant program seeks to support projects working to make progress on three areas we consider underexplored when it comes to AI Safety… 1. Neurotechnology, Whole Brain Emulation and lo-fi Uploading for AI safety; 2. Security, Cryptography, and Auxiliary Approaches for Infosec and AI Security; and 3. Safe and Beneficial Multipolar AI Scenarios… Projects will be evaluated by a mix of Foresight staff and external advisors. We aim to focus on projects that have a chance of being successful within short AI timelines. Rather than funding many projects with the potential of making a small difference in the long-run, we may be more inclined to fund projects that are high-risk high-reward, in the sense that they are more speculative but would make a big difference if successful. Generally, we are interested in proposals for scoping/mapping opportunities in this area, especially from a differential technology development perspective.”

Hypothesis Fund https://www.hypothesisfund.org/ “The Hypothesis Fund advances scientific knowledge by supporting early stage, innovative research that increases our adaptability against systemic risks to the health of people and the planet. We make seed grants to fund research projects at their earliest stages, typically before there is any preliminary data. Our funding is intended to be catalytic — a fast path to enable a scientist to ‘turn over the card’ and see what’s there.  And we focus on bold new ideas in basic research, not continuations of existing research. The Hypothesis Fund approach is different.  We empower a world-class and diverse network of scientist Scouts to identify the high-risk, high-reward ideas at the edge of the network that would otherwise be un-pursued or underfunded.”

Long-Term Future Fund https://funds.effectivealtruism.org/funds/far-future “The Long-Term Future Fund aims to positively influence the long-term trajectory of civilization by making grants that address global catastrophic risks, especially potential risks from advanced artificial intelligence and pandemics. In addition, we seek to promote, implement, and advocate for longtermist ideas, and to otherwise increase the likelihood that future generations will flourish.”

OpenResearch https://www.openresearchlab.org/ “OpenResearch is a nonprofit research lab. We fund work that requires a very long time horizon, seeks to answer open-ended questions, or develops technology that shouldn’t be owned by any one company.”

Survival and Flourishing Fund https://survivalandflourishing.fund/speculation-grants.html “SFF Speculation Grants are expedited grants organized by SFF outside of our biannual grant-recommendation process (the S-process). “Speculation Grantors” are volunteers with budgets to make these grants. Each Speculation Grantor’s budget grows or increases with the settlement of budget adjustments that we call “impact futures” (explained further below). Currently, we have a total of ~20 Speculation Grantors, with a combined budget of approximately $10MM (up from $4MM initially). Our process and software infrastructure for funding these grants were co-designed by Andrew Critch and Oliver Habryka.”

1517 Fund https://www.1517fund.com/ “1517 is a venture capital fund and community supporting college dropouts, renegade students, and deep tech scientists with investment at the earliest stages of their companies. Founded by the cofounders of the Thiel Fellowship, it supports founders across software, hardware, and deep tech verticals and also provides a community to hackers, makers, and scientists from across the world.”

Logan’s catalog of useful resources for creating the future


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I’m compiling this list to agglomerate just a few of the resources that I find useful for learning about how the world works, developing new skills, expanding my repertoire of ways of looking at global challenges, and planning how to contribute towards creating the future. Since many of the links here might change over time, please comment if you find any that do not work so that I can look for suitable replacement links. Also, feel free to let me know if you know of good resources not listed here! I’m always excited to expand my learning.

PDF version – Logan’s catalog of useful resources for creating the future

Bottlenecks of Aging is a funding effort by the Amaranth Foundation which has selected a set of 12 limiting facets that have hindered progress towards extending the healthy human lifespan and is seeking proposals for projects which address these priorities.

Convergent Research is a group devoted to spinning off Focused Research Organizations (FROs). An FRO is typically awarded around $30M to pursue a midsize research goal over the course of 5 years. FROs focus on goals that are too ambitious for academia but do not have a near-term commercial incentive that would make them work well as startup companies. Convergent Research was co-founded by Adam Marblestone.

Funding Opportunities for Postdoctoral Scholars is an excellent list compiled by Harvard University of competitive postdoctoral fellowships and similar funding opportunities.

F99/K00 Transition to Aging Research for Predoctoral Students is an NIH grant to which graduate students can apply in the last few years of their PhD training. It provides funding for the final 1-2 years of the PhD as well as for up to 4 years of postdoctoral research.

NIH’s grants homepage is a website by the American National Institutes of Health which provides information about their grant programs.

Speculative Technologies is a nonprofit founded by Benjamin Reinhardt which funds “systems research” that does not fit easily into academia or industry. This means research that is necessary to create multiple interacting technologies that enable new capabilities to serve society. Unlike the FROs of Convergent Research, projects funded by Speculative Technologies are parallelized across multiple institutions and are not necessarily defined by a single approach to start.

The Foresight Institute’s AI Safety grant program provides funding to project proposals that address certain underexplored areas of AI safety including whole-brain emulation and neurotechnology, multipolar AI scenarios, and information security. It is sponsored by the Foresight Institute.

The Overedge Catalog is a webpage listing a variety of non-traditional funding opportunities for science and technology research.

Understanding science and funding in tech 2011-2021 is a webpage by Nadia Asparouhova which discusses emerging alternative funding sources for applied research and why these new funding paradigms are coming of age.

1517 Fund is a nontraditional venture capital firm that backs “dropouts, renegade students & sci-fi scientists at the earliest stages of their companies”, particularly in deep tech fields. It features a variety of options for funding and reaching out to them to discuss specifics is encouraged.

Erika’s quick-start guide to research nonprofits is a blog page by Erika Alden Debenedictis that gives information on how to raise funding from philanthropists, manage money, manage IP and spinouts, hire people, get lab space, and more.

George M. Church’s Tech Transfer, Advisory Roles, and Funding Sources is a list (with links) of the Church laboratory’s spectacular array of spinoff companies, investors, advisory roles, etc.

How to Start a Life Science Company: A Comprehensive Guide for First-Time Entrepreneurs is a concise book that covers lots of important points for life science entrepreneurship.

List of Biotechnology Companies to Watch is my own compilation of key biotechnology companies along with corresponding brief descriptions and notes.

Notes on Starting a Scientific Organization is a blog page by Sabrina Singh which provides information on how to start and manage new scientific organizations. It is particularly useful for learning about the bookkeeping and staffing aspects of management.

So you want to start a biotech company is an article published in Nature Biotechnology that goes over some key concepts important for entrepreneurship in the biosciences.

Trailblazer List is a website that describes numerous companies working in areas (e.g. neurotechnology, sustainability, computing, fabrication, and many more) that have the potential to radically impact the future for the better.

BigThink The Progress Issue is a special issue of the science and society news website organization known as BigThink and its similar partner site FreeThink. This issue is devoted to articles that use data to support rationally optimistic approaches to creating the future and that emphasize the importance of leveraging data-driven hope to overcome the predominant cultural zeitgeist of pessimism.

Caspian Report is an educational YouTube channel on geopolitics. In my opinion, it is a reputable source as YouTube channels go and presents information in a minimally biased fashion.

Future of Humanity Institute is a multidisciplinary research organization at the University of Oxford which combines philosophy, mathematics, and social science techniques to study existential risks, long-term future scenarios, and how humanity might best move forward. It was founded by Professor Nick Bostrom and employs Toby Ord (co-founder of the Effective Altruism movement) and Professor Anders Sandberg as senior researchers.

Future of Life Institute is a nonprofit organization with a mission of “steering transformative technology towards benefiting life and away from extreme large-scale risks”. It works through policy development and advocacy, education and outreach, research and grantmaking, institution building, and coordinating conferences. It focuses primarily on existential risks posed by artificial intelligence (esp. autonomous weapons), biotechnology, and nuclear weapons.

Matt Bell is a blog that has a number of excellent articles on science, futurism, and other topics. It has a particularly compelling post on Embracing the Cosmic Endowment.

Our World in Data is a website that collects reputable data about the state of the world, organizes it into various categories, and provides useful ways of visualizing said data.

Science X is a consortium of science news websites including Phys.org, Medical Xpress, and Tech Xplore. These sites post massive numbers of articles summarizing scientific papers and other types of advances in an accessible fashion.

The Library of Existential Hope is a website associated with the Foresight Institute which compiles resources on existential hope and existential risk management as well as on technology areas with the potential to shape the future.

Digital Fundamentals is a textbook by Thomas Floyd that discusses the hardware architecture and mechanisms of digital computers. In my view, it has excellent visuals and explains concepts very clearly.

HPCWire is a news organization that writes articles about cutting-edge developments in the high-performance computing industry.

Reducible is a YouTube channel that uses animations and excellent teaching to explain concepts in computer science such as algorithms, image processing, and applied graph theory.

Addgene is a company that distributes and sells plasmids (at reasonable prices) made by laboratories around the world. It represents a central repository for a wide variety of useful plasmids that can aid biotechnology research.

Addgene’s Viral Plasmids and Resources page provides useful articles that describe the basics of lentivirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), adenovirus, and γ-retrovirus as well as links to some other resources.

AlphaFold Protein Structure Database is a searchable catalog of predicted protein structures along with information about the accuracy of each prediction. Most known proteins are represented in the database. This catalog was created using the spectacularly successful AI protein prediction software AlphaFold. Although not all of the predictions are perfect and many include high uncertainty within intrinsically disordered regions, the data most often agree strongly with experimental validations.

GEN Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News is an excellent magazine that covers cutting-edge topics in the biotechnology industry. It is aimed at a scientific audience but might be somewhat accessible to others as well.

GROMACS documentation is an online manual describing how to use the GROMACS molecular dynamics simulation software package.

J. Craig Venter Institute is a nonprofit research organization that focuses on synthetic biology, building minimal cells, and developing genomics technologies. It is led by the National Medal of Science recipient J. Craig Venter, one of the main contributors to the success of human genome sequencing.

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is a collection of bioinformatics databases and tools sponsored by the NIH. The website hosts massive libraries of biological data such as DNA sequences, protein sequences, and many more. It also includes BLAST, a popular search tool that facilitates comparison of the evolutionary similarities among different biomolecular sequences.

Oxman is the website of a company founded by the transdisciplinary designer-biologist Professor Neri Oxman of the MIT Media Lab. This website details some of the remarkable work by Neri Oxman and her team on devising ways of redesigning the built world to more seamlessly interact with the rest of the biosphere. They utilize architecture, design, art, philosophy, computer science, synthetic biology, and more to develop innovative new materials and systems.

RCSB Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a website that catalogs experimentally determined structures of proteins and protein complexes. It is user friendly and includes a wide range of features for analyzing its protein structures.

SynBioBeta is an “innovation network” for bioengineers, entrepreneurs, and investors in the synthetic biology industry, particularly within the area of sustainability. It hosts a yearly conference called The Global Synthetic Biology Conference. In addition, its website includes an industry news section that posts synthetic biology news articles.

Viral Vectors 101 Systemic Capsids is an educational article on the Addgene Blog which provides a guide to the types of AAVs capable of traversing the blood-brain barrier.

Want to learn biology? Recommended texts from beginner to advanced is my own webpage which lists some of the textbooks I might recommend to teach oneself about the biological sciences from beginner to advanced levels.

Bioprocess International is an industry news website with articles that discuss biomanufacturing, biological purification methods, analytical techniques, and similar topics.

Insights On Successful Gene Therapy Manufacturing And Commercialization is a booklet compiled by industry experts on the logistical and technical challenges surrounding large-scale manufacturing of viral vectors for clinical gene therapy as well as on emerging solutions to these difficulties.

Allen Brain Map is a website hosting a treasure trove of many different neurobiology databases (such as the cell types database) developed through the multifaceted investigations of the Allen Institute.

BossDB (Brain Observatory Storage Service & Database) is a publicly accessible data repository for storing and disseminating petabyte-scale neuroscience data, particularly from volume electron microscopy and x-ray microtomography.

Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems is a highly educational review journal article that covers the basics of applied graph theory and some ways it can be used in neuroscience.

Expansion Microscopy: Super-Resolution Imaging with Hydrogels is a review paper published in the journal Analytical Chemistry which discusses the methodologies of expansion microscopy (ExM), a powerful technique for imaging tissues. ExM works by infusing tissues with a swellable hydrogel to physically enlarge them in an isotropic fashion. This particular review paper was written by Sven Truckenbolt, one of the lead scientists at E11 Bio.

Global Highlights in Neurotechnology, Connectomics, and Brain Simulation: 2005 to 2019 is my own compilation of roughly one paragraph descriptions of scientific and organizational advances in forward-thinking neuroscience topics. At this point, it is somewhat outdated since it only covers advances up to 2019. Nonetheless, it is quite useful for reviewing the history and progress of these fields.

Human Brain Project is a large-scale European consortium that leverages a variety of computational and experimental approaches to better understand neuroscience. It grew out of Henry Markram’s Blue Brain Project at EPFL which focuses more on computational neuroscience.

McGovern Institute is an institute at MIT which focuses on neuroscience and neurotechnology. Some of the world’s top researchers such as Ed Boyden and Feng Zhang lead research groups as part of this institute.

Neuroglancer web viewer for Drosophila connectome is an interface that uses the Neuroglancer software to facilitate visualization of the segmented electron microscopy volume that comprises the connectome of the Drosophila fly brain.

NIH BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) is an American governmental program that funds efforts towards more comprehensive understanding of neuroscience.

Fact Sheet President Biden Issues Executive Order on Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence is a informational document issued by the U.S. government on an Executive Order aimed at mitigating risks from AI.

Preventing antisocial robots: A pathway to artificial empathy is a viewpoint journal article published in Science Robotics which proposes ways of encoding affective empathy (not just cognitive empathy) into AI to prevent machines from acting as sociopaths.

Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies is a seminal 2005 book by Nick Bostrom which discusses the existential risks posed by potential artificial superintelligence and how we might mitigate these risks.

The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology is a foundational text in futurism that proposes arguments that humanity is on the brink of a tipping point called the Singularity where accelerating technological progress might drive profound changes in the human condition. It focuses on artificial intelligence in particular as a major force behind potential dramatic changes to our world (and even universe) in the coming decades. Though this text is thought by many to make some rather unlikely claims, it presents valuable ideas to contemplate even if some of them seem outlandish.

Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe is a review paper that provides an excellent overview of the biology of aging and efforts to treat the condition. This paper represents a 2023 update based on a seminal 2013 review titled The Hallmarks of Aging.

Human Ageing Genomic Resources is a website that collects searchable databases of aging-related genes, drug data, variants, and more. It aids and facilitates quantitative research on aging topics.

Nature Aging is a top scientific journal that publishes scientific papers across the aging research fields.

Oviva is a startup company developing therapeutics to improve ovarian function, prevent menopause, and extend healthspan in women. Co-founded by Daisy Robinton, Oviva aims to bring women’s health into the longevity conversation.

Protective and Enhancing Alleles is a list of known human alleles compiled by George Church’s lab that are known to contribute to various abilities such as disease resistance, longevity, strength, intelligence, etc.

Want to live to 150? The world needs more humans is an editorial originally published in the Washington Post which details compelling ethical arguments in favor of healthspan extension. Though paywalled at the Washington Post, it is available for free from the author Raiany Romanni at her website.

Quanta Magazine is an online magazine that publishes educational articles on topics in mathematics, computer science, physics, and biology. These articles are written in an accessible style yet emphasize rigorous mathematical approaches to questions.

3Blue1Brown is an educational YouTube channel that covers advanced mathematics in an accessible way by using beautiful animations and top-notch teaching to illustrate precise quantitative concepts which might otherwise be much more challenging to understand (e.g. 10-dimensional sphere packing, the math behind deep learning, etc.)

Understanding Topology: A Practical Introduction is a remarkably accessible textbook on topology. It provides the clearest explanations (in my view) out of all of the many topology books I’ve examined.

Contemporary Futurist Thought: Science Fiction, Future Studies, and Theories and Visions of the Future in the Last Century is a scholarly book which explores science fiction and future studies.

Hedonistic Imperative is a book-length online manifesto by the philosopher David Pearce which makes philosophical arguments in favor of abolishing all suffering by using future biotechnology. He further argues for radically enhancing positive emotions while retaining motivation through “gradients of bliss”. Within his manifesto, Pearce makes a compelling case for sustainably eliminating suffering in wild animals.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy both consist of high-quality scholarly educational articles that explain a wide range of philosophical concepts in depth.

Here’s How to Teach Yourself Physics and Math is a webpage on Futurism.com that links to several different lists of textbooks which one can use to learn physics and mathematics from beginner to advanced levels.

Notes on Classical Mechanics is my own webpage with explanations of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics as well as linear oscillations and coupled linear oscillators.

Notes on Optics and Microscopy is my own webpage with some explanations of optical physics and its applications in microscopy.

[C]Worthy is a seed-stage Focused Research Organization that develops methodologies for monitoring, reporting, and verifying the effects of marine carbon dioxide removal technologies. They are building software for multiscale oceanographic modeling and data integration that will quantify the efficacy and the ecological impacts of marine carbon dioxide removal. They aim to provide the validation framework necessary as part of efforts to enable gigaton-scale carbon dioxide removal by 2050.

SpaceBorn United is an organization engaged in research on ways of enabling human reproduction in outer space. They have developed a prototype “space embryo incubator” and have a roadmap of space mission plans to facilitate their research on developmental biology in space. They have engaged broad expertise and partners to help address technical, medical, regulatory/legal, and ethical challenges associated with their goals.

Cover image: created using Midjourney generative AI.

Some interesting organisms of the ocean


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cover image credit: Ryo Minemizu (for more, see https://www.ryo-minemizu.com/)

Anglerfish https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish

Notes: males are tiny compared to females. In many species of anglerfish, mating occurs through males attaching to and then fusing with females such that their circulatory systems join together. The male provides sperm and is eventually absorbed into the female.

Image: [credit: Dante Fenolio]


Basking shark https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basking_shark

Notes: second largest type of shark (after the whale shark), reaches about 7.9 m in length. They feed on plankton by swimming forwards with the mouth open and filtering via gill rakers.

Image: [credit: Wikipedia page]


Blanket octopus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanket_octopus

Notes: characterized by transparent flaps connecting the dorsal and dorsolateral tentacles in adult females. In a case of extreme sexual dimorphism, the females grow to around 2 m in size while the males are only about 2.4 cm.

Image: [credit: Steve Hamedl]


Colossal squid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossal_squid

Notes: at around 10 m long, they are shorter than giant squid, but they are much heavier. Colossal squid also has the largest eyes of any organism (around 30-40 cm in diameter).

Image: [credit: NPR]


Crinoid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoid

Notes: depending on the type crinoid adults can either swim freely or be tethered to the sea floor by a stalk. The former are called feather stars and the latter are called sea lillies. Crinoids can also crawl using rootlike structures called cirri as legs. They consume plankton and detritus by filtering through their featherlike arms and then propelling it towards a mouth. They reproduce sexually, releasing sperm and eggs into the water. Fertilized eggs hatch into freely swimming larvae that settle on the sea floor and transition into a stalked juvenile state before eventually breaking away (in the case of feather stars) as adults to swim freely once more.

Image: [credit: Wikipedia page]


Cuttlefish https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuttlefish

Notes: cuttlefish are among the most intelligent invertebrates. They can rapidly change color using their chromatophore cells as a mode of communication and camouflage as well as to warn off predators (called a deimatic display).

Image: [credit: Wikipedia page]


Garden eels https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterocongrinae

Notes: garden eels are distinguished by their behavior of living in burrows on the sea floor and poking their heads out of the burrows to eat prey and sliding back into the burrows to avoid predators. Colonies of them can resemble grasses, hence their name.

Image: [credit: Insider]


Glaucus atlanticus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucus_atlanticus

Notes: a type of small (up to 3 cm) sea slug that floats upside down using a gas-filled stomach to stay adrift. They feed on Portuguese man o’ war jellyfish and similar organisms. After consuming venomous nematocysts from their prey, they store the stinging cells in sacs (called cnidosacs) located in their own extremities. This concentrates the nematocysts, making the sting of Glaucus atlanticus potentially more potent even than that of the man o’ war jellyfish itself.

Image: [credit: Wikipedia page]


Hawaiian bobtail squid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euprymna_scolopes

Notes: enjoys a symbiotic relationship with bioluminescent Aliivibrio fischeri bacteria that inhabit a light organ in the squid’s mantle.

Image: [credit: Wikipedia page]


Japanese spider crab https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_spider_crab

Notes: has the largest legspan of any arthropod, reaching about 3.7 m across.

Image: [credit: Kids Discover]


Lion’s mane jellyfish https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion’s_mane_jellyfish

Notes: one of the largest types of jellyfish. Though their sizes vary widely, some can reach a bell diameters of more than 2 m and possess tentacles extending for over 30 m in length.

Image: [credit: The Toronto Star]


Placozoa https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placozoa

Notes: a category of animals that exist as flat sheets a few cells thick with a ciliated epithelium on their undersides. They use these cilia to move along the seafloor and most of them reproduce asexually by budding or fragmenting into smaller individuals (though one subtype does also reproduce sexually).

Image: [credit: Wikipedia page]


Prochlorococcus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus

Notes: a type of marine cyanobacteria which represents perhaps the most abundant photosynthetic organism on Earth.

Image: [credit: Wikipedia page]


Sunflower sea star https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_sea_star

Notes: large sea stars which can reach diameters of 1 m. Sunflower sea stars are predatory and consume various prey such as sea urchins, other sea stars, clams, sea cucumbers, and more. They move at a speed of about a meter per minute using thousands of tube feet located on their undersides.

Image: [credit: Wikipedia page]


Vampire squid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_squid

Notes: a deep sea cephalopod of about 30 cm length that lives in the ocean’s aphotic zone. Vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) have flaps of tissue connecting their tentacles, each of which is lined by fleshy spines. It is covered in photophores that produce disorientating flashes of light to confuse predators. Rather than ink, they can eject a sticky cloud of bioluminescent mucus when highly agitated by predators.

Image: [credit: Wikipedia page]

Cyborg Earth and the Technological Embryogenesis of the Biosphere


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Humongous Fungus, a specimen of Armillaria ostoyae, has claimed the title of world’s largest single organism. Though it features honey mushrooms above ground, the bulk of this creature’s mass arises from its vast subterranean mycelial network of filamentous tendrils. It has spread across more than 2,000 acres of soil and weighs over 30,000 metric tons. Yet I would contend that Humongous Fungus represents a mere microcosm of the world’s true largest organism, a creature that I will call Cyborg Earth. What is Cyborg Earth? Eastern religions have suggested that all life is fundamentally interconnected. Cyborg Earth represents an extension of this concept.

All across the globe, biological life thrives. Quintillions upon quintillions of biomolecular computations happen every second, powering all life. Mycoplasma bacteria. Communities of leafcutter ants. The Humongous Fungus. Beloved beagles. Seasonal influenza viruses. Parasitic roundworms. Families of Canadian elk. Vast blooms of cyanobacteria. Humanity. Life works because of complexity that arises from simplicity that in turn arises from whatever inscrutable quantum mechanical rules lay beneath the molecular scale.

All creatures rearrange atoms in various ways. Termites and beavers rearrange larger bunches of atoms than most organisms. As humans progressed from paleolithic to metalwork to industrialization and then to the space age, information revolution, and era of artificial intelligence, they learned to converse with the atoms around them in an ever more complex fashion. We are actors in an operatic performance, we are subroutines of evolution, we are interwoven matryoshka patterns, an epic chemistry.

Thermodynamics and memetic natural selection juggle our civilization while riding a unicycle along a path to an as-yet unknown destiny. Because of humanity, technology represents a fundamental part of the biosphere. Computers, airplanes, factories, shipping routes. All of it is natural. This does not mean it is good or bad. Simply that it comprises part of the great biological conversation. This is Cyborg Earth. The world’s largest organism is the biosphere itself, including all of the remarkable ways that its constituents have reshaped its body.

Cyborg Earth has always been a uniquely gleaming gem in the cold vastness of the cosmos. But I believe that Cyborg Earth still resides in an embryonic state. As we hurtle into the expanse of the infinite future, Cyborg Earth will grow and change. We must realize that we are all connected by the electric dance of atoms. As a constituent species within Cyborg Earth, we currently possess an enormous power and a tremendous responsibility to properly steward our world’s embryogenesis.

Cover image modified from “Confocal 3D-image of a fungal network with reproductive spores containing nuclei” by Vasilis Kokkoris, source.